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OFFICIAL TRUMP market info
Market cap
Market cap is calculated by multiplying the circulating supply of a coin with its latest price.
Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Circulating supply
Total amount of a coin that is publicly available on the market.
Market cap ranking
A coin's ranking in terms of market cap value.
All-time high
Highest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
All-time low
Lowest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
Market cap
$2.25B
Circulating supply
199,999,976 TRUMP
19.99% of
1,000,000,000 TRUMP
Market cap ranking
--
Audits
CertiK
Last audit: --
24h high
$11.3610
24h low
$10.9480
All-time high
$82.0000
-86.26% (-$70.7290)
Last updated: Jan 19, 2025, (UTC+8)
All-time low
$7.1380
+57.90% (+$4.1330)
Last updated: Apr 7, 2025, (UTC+8)
OFFICIAL TRUMP Feed
The following content is sourced from .

PANews
Written by: TechFlow
On May 27, on the trading floor of the NASDAQ, a small and obscure stock made a huge wave.
SharpLink Gaming (SBET), a small gaming company with a market cap of just $10 million, announced the purchase of approximately 163,000 Ethereum (ETH) through a $425 million private equity investment.
As soon as the news came out, SharpLink's stock price soared, rising by more than 500% at one point.
Buying currency may be becoming a new wealth code for U.S. listed companies to pull stock prices.
The story naturally begins with MicroStrategy (now renamed Strategy, ticker symbol MSTR), the company that first ignited the flames of war and made a bold bet on Bitcoin back in 2020.
In five years, it has gone from being an ordinary tech company to a "Bitcoin investment pioneer". In 2020, MicroStrategy's stock price was just over $10; By 2025, the stock has soared to $370 and its market capitalization has surpassed $100 billion.
Buying crypto not only inflated MicroStrategy's balance sheet, but also made it the darling of the capital markets.
In 2025, the craze will intensify.
From tech companies to retail giants to small gaming companies, U.S.-listed companies are using cryptocurrencies to ignite a new engine of valuation.
What is the way to make a large market value wealth password by buying coins?
MicroStrategy, a textbook for the integration of coins and stocks
It all started with MicroStrategy.
In 2020, the enterprise software company spearheaded the U.S. stock buying spree, with CEO Michael Saylor saying that Bitcoin is a "more reliable store of value than the U.S. dollar."
The recharge belief is wonderful, but what really makes this company stand out is its play in the capital market.
MicroStrategy's gameplay can be summed up in a combination of "convertible bonds + Bitcoin":
First, the company raised capital through the issuance of low-interest rate convertible bonds.
Since 2020, MicroStrategy has issued several such bonds with interest rates as low as 0%, well below the market average. For instance, in November 2024, it issued $2.6 billion in convertible bonds with almost zero financing costs.
These bonds allow investors to convert into shares of the company at a fixed price in the future, giving investors a call option while giving the company access to cash at a fraction of the cost.
Second, MicroStrategy puts all of the money raised into Bitcoin. Through multiple rounds of financing, we continue to increase our position in Bitcoin, making Bitcoin a core component of the company's balance sheet.
Finally, MicroStrategy took advantage of the premium effect of Bitcoin's rising price to kick off a "flywheel effect."
When the price of Bitcoin rose from $10,000 in 2020 to $100,000 in 2025, the value of the company's assets increased significantly, attracting more investors to buy the stock. The rise in stock prices has allowed MicroStrategy to reissue bonds or shares at higher valuations to raise more capital and continue to buy Bitcoin, creating a self-reinforcing capital cycle.
At the heart of this model is a combination of low-cost financing and high-return assets. Borrow money at near zero cost through convertible bonds, buy volatile but long-term bullish Bitcoin, and use the market's enthusiasm for crypto to amplify valuations.
This approach has not only changed MicroStrategy's asset structure, but has also provided a textbook model for other U.S. stock companies.
SharpLink, the backdoor is not about wine
SharpLink Gaming (SBET) has optimized the above gameplay by using Ethereum (ETH) instead of Bitcoin.
But behind this, there is also the ingenious combination of the power of the currency circle and the capital market.
Its gameplay can also be summed up by "backdoor", and the core lies in using the "shell" and crypto narrative of listed companies to quickly amplify the valuation bubble.
SharpLink was originally a small company struggling on the verge of delisting on the NASDAQ, with a share price of less than $1 at one point, and less than $2.5 million in shareholders' equity, and huge compliance pressures.
But it has a killer feature - NASDAQ's listing status.
This "shell" has attracted the attention of a giant in the crypto circle: ConsenSys, led by Ethereum co-founder Joe Lubin.
In May 2025, ConsenSys led the acquisition of SharpLink through a $425 million PIPE (private equity financing) in conjunction with a number of crypto VC firms, such as ParaFi Capital and Pantera Capital.
They issued 69.1 million new shares ($6.15 each) and quickly took over 90% control of SharpLink, eliminating the cumbersome process of an IPO or SPAC. Joe Lubin was appointed chair of the board, and ConsenSys made it clear that it would work with SharpLink to explore the "Ethereum vault strategy."
Some say it's an ETH version of micro-strategy, but it's actually more subtle.
The real purpose of this deal is not to improve SharpLink's gaming business, but to serve as a bridgehead for the crypto community to enter the capital market.
ConsenSys plans to use the $425 million to buy about 163,000 ETH, wrap it as an "Ethereum version of MicroStrategy," and claim that ETH is a "digital reserve asset."
Capital markets are a "story premium" narrative that not only attracts speculative money, but also provides a "public ETH proxy" for institutional investors who are unable to hold ETH directly.
Buying crypto is only the first step, and the real "magic" of SharpLink lies in the flywheel effect. Its operation can be broken down into a three-step cycle:
The first step is low-cost financing.
SharpLink raised $425 million through PIPE at $6.15 per share, which is less costly than an IPO or SPAC without the need for a cumbersome roadshow and regulatory process.
In the second step, the market enthusiasm pushes up the stock price.
Investors were ignited by the story of "MicroStrategy on Ethereum", and the stock price soared. The market's enthusiasm for SharpLink stock far outweighs the value of its assets, and investors are willing to pay much more than the net value of their ETH holdings, a "psychological premium" that has allowed SharpLink's market capitalization to swell rapidly.
SharpLink also plans to stake these ETH tokens, lock them in the Ethereum network, and also earn an annualized yield of 3%-5%.
The third step is revolving refinancing. By re-issuing shares at a higher share price, SharpLink could theoretically raise more money, buy more ETH, and the cycle repeats, snowballing valuations.
Behind this "capital magic", there is a shadow of a bubble.
SharpLink's core business – gaming marketing – is virtually unattended, and the $425 million ETH investment plan is completely out of touch with its fundamentals. Its share price has skyrocketed, driven more by speculative money and crypto narratives.
The truth is that the capital of the currency circle can also use the shells of some small and medium-sized listed companies to quickly blow up the valuation bubble through the model of "backdoor + currency buying".
The drunkard's intention is not to drink, it is naturally good that the business of the listed company itself is related, and it is not important if it is not related.
Imitation is not a one-size-fits-all approach
The crypto buying strategy seems to be the "wealth code" of U.S. listed companies, but it is not a panacea.
The road of imitation was crowded with latecomers.
On May 28, GameStop, the gaming retail giant once known for its retail huddle against Wall Street, announced that it had bought 4,710 bitcoins for $512.6 million in an attempt to replicate MicroStrategy's success. But the market reaction was lukewarm: GameStop shares fell 10.9% after the announcement, and investors didn't buy it.
On May 15, Addentax Group Corp (ticker symbol ATXG, Chinese known as Yingxi Group), a Chinese textile and apparel company, announced plans to purchase 8,000 bitcoins and Trump's TRUMP coin through the issuance of common shares. Even at the current Bitcoin price of $108,000, the purchase would cost more than $800 million.
But by comparison, the company's total market capitalization is only about $4.5 million, which means that its theoretical cost of acquiring coins is more than 100 times the company's market capitalization.
Almost at the same time, another Chinese U.S.-listed company, Jiuzi Holdings (stock code JZXN, Chinese name Jiuzi Holdings), also joined the buying frenzy.
The company announced plans to buy 1,000 bitcoins in the next year, at a cost of more than $100 million.
According to public information, Jiuzi Holdings is a Chinese company focusing on the retail of new energy vehicles, which was established in 2019. The Company's retail stores are mainly located in third- and fourth-tier cities in China.
The total market capitalization of this company's stock on the NASDAQ is only about $50 million.
The stock price is indeed rising, but the match between the company's market capitalization and the cost of buying the currency is key.
For many latecomers, if the price of bitcoin falls, if it does buy, then its balance sheet will be under great pressure.
The crypto buying strategy is not a universal wealth password. Overleveraged coin buying stakes that lack fundamental support may just be an adventure to the bursting of the bubble.
Another out of the circle
Despite the risks, there is still the potential for a buying spree to become the new normal.
In 2025, global inflationary pressures and expectations of a weaker dollar will continue, and more and more companies will begin to view Bitcoin and Ethereum as "inflation-resistant assets". Japan's Metaplanet has increased its market capitalization through the Bitcoin Treasury Strategy, and more U.S.-listed companies are moving faster and faster to follow suit.
Under the general trend, cryptocurrencies are increasingly making their way in the global political and economic sphere.
Is this a kind of "out of the circle" that people in the currency circle often talk about?
Looking at the current trends, there are two main paths for cryptocurrencies to go mainstream: the rise of stablecoins and the crypto reserves on the company's balance sheet.
On the surface, stablecoins provide a stable medium for payments, savings, and remittances in the crypto market, reducing volatility and driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. But its essence is an extension of the hegemony of the dollar.
Taking USDC as an example, its issuer Circle has a close relationship with the U.S. government and holds a large number of U.S. bonds as reserve assets, which not only strengthens the dollar's status as a global reserve currency, but also further penetrates the influence of the U.S. financial system into the global crypto market through the circulation of stablecoins.
Another way out of the circle is to buy coins by listed companies mentioned above.
Crypto buying companies use crypto narratives to attract speculative funds and push up stock prices, but except for a few leading companies, it is still a mystery how much the fundamentals of the main business can be improved by later imitators, in addition to expanding market valuations.
Whether it's stablecoins or crypto assets on the balance sheets of listed companies, crypto assets look more like a tool to perpetuate or strengthen the previous financial landscape.
Whether it's leek or financial innovation, it's more like looking at two sides of the same coin, depending on which end of the table you sit on.
Show original


94.94K
1

ChainCatcher 链捕手
Author: Deep Tide TechFlow
On May 27, on the trading floor of the NASDAQ, a small and obscure stock made a huge wave.
SharpLink Gaming (SBET), a small gaming company with a market cap of just $10 million, announced the purchase of approximately 163,000 Ethereum (ETH) through a $425 million private equity investment.
As soon as the news came out, SharpLink's stock price soared, rising by more than 500% at one point.
Buying currency may be becoming a new wealth code for U.S. listed companies to pull stock prices.
The story naturally begins with MicroStrategy (now renamed Strategy, ticker symbol MSTR), the company that first ignited the flames of war and made a bold bet on Bitcoin back in 2020.
In five years, it has gone from being an ordinary tech company to a "Bitcoin investment pioneer". In 2020, MicroStrategy's stock price was just over $10; By 2025, the stock has soared to $370 and its market capitalization has surpassed $100 billion.
Buying crypto not only inflated MicroStrategy's balance sheet, but also made it the darling of the capital markets.
In 2025, the craze will intensify.
From tech companies to retail giants to small gaming companies, U.S.-listed companies are using cryptocurrencies to ignite a new engine of valuation.
What is the way to make a large market value wealth password by buying coins?
MicroStrategy, a textbook for the integration of coins and stocks
It all started with MicroStrategy.
In 2020, the enterprise software company spearheaded the U.S. stock buying spree, with CEO Michael Saylor saying that Bitcoin is a "more reliable store of value than the U.S. dollar."
The recharge belief is wonderful, but what really makes this company stand out is its play in the capital market.
MicroStrategy's gameplay can be summed up in a combination of "convertible bonds + Bitcoin":
First, the company raised capital through the issuance of low-interest rate convertible bonds.
Since 2020, MicroStrategy has issued several such bonds with interest rates as low as 0%, well below the market average. For instance, in November 2024, it issued $2.6 billion in convertible bonds with almost zero financing costs.
These bonds allow investors to convert into shares of the company at a fixed price in the future, giving investors a call option while giving the company access to cash at a fraction of the cost.
Second, MicroStrategy puts all of the money raised into Bitcoin. Through multiple rounds of financing, we continue to increase our position in Bitcoin, making Bitcoin a core component of the company's balance sheet.
Finally, MicroStrategy took advantage of the premium effect of Bitcoin's rising price to kick off a "flywheel effect."
When the price of Bitcoin rises from $10,000 in 2020 to $100,000 in 2025, the value of the company's assets has increased significantly, attracting more investors to buy the stock. The rise in stock prices has allowed MicroStrategy to reissue bonds or shares at higher valuations to raise more capital and continue to buy Bitcoin, creating a self-reinforcing capital cycle.
At the heart of this model is a combination of low-cost financing and high-return assets. Borrow money at near zero cost through convertible bonds, buy volatile but long-term bullish Bitcoin, and use the market's enthusiasm for crypto to amplify valuations.
This approach has not only changed MicroStrategy's asset structure, but has also provided a textbook model for other U.S. stock companies.
SharpLink, the backdoor is not about wine
SharpLink Gaming (SBET) has optimized the above gameplay by using Ethereum (ETH) instead of Bitcoin.
But behind this, there is also the ingenious combination of the power of the currency circle and the capital market.
Its gameplay can also be summed up by "backdoor", and the core lies in using the "shell" and crypto narrative of listed companies to quickly amplify the valuation bubble.
SharpLink was originally a small company struggling on the verge of delisting on the NASDAQ, with a share price of less than $1 at one point, and less than $2.5 million in shareholders' equity, and huge compliance pressures.
But it has a killer feature - NASDAQ's listing status.
This "shell" has attracted the attention of a giant in the crypto circle: ConsenSys, led by Ethereum co-founder Joe Lubin.
In May 2025, ConsenSys led the acquisition of SharpLink through a $425 million PIPE (private equity financing) in conjunction with a number of crypto VC firms, such as ParaFi Capital and Pantera Capital.
They issued 69.1 million new shares ($6.15 each) and quickly took control of more than 90% of SharpLink, eliminating the cumbersome process of an IPO or SPAC. Joe Lubin was appointed chair of the board, and ConsenSys made it clear that it would work with SharpLink to explore the "Ethereum vault strategy."
Some say it's an ETH version of micro-strategy, but it's actually more subtle.
The real purpose of this deal is not to improve SharpLink's gaming business, but to serve as a bridgehead for the crypto community to enter the capital market.
ConsenSys plans to use the $425 million to buy about 163,000 ETH, wrap it as an "Ethereum version of MicroStrategy," and claim that ETH is a "digital reserve asset."
Capital markets are a "story premium" narrative that not only attracts speculative money, but also provides a "public ETH proxy" for institutional investors who are unable to hold ETH directly.
Buying crypto is only the first step, and the real "magic" of SharpLink lies in the flywheel effect. Its operation can be broken down into a three-step cycle:
The first step is low-cost financing.
SharpLink raised $425 million through PIPE at $6.15 per share, which is less costly than an IPO or SPAC without the need for a cumbersome roadshow and regulatory process.
In the second step, the market enthusiasm pushes up the stock price.
Investors were ignited by the story of "MicroStrategy on Ethereum", and the stock price soared. The market's enthusiasm for SharpLink stock far outweighs the value of its assets, and investors are willing to pay much more than the net value of their ETH holdings, a "psychological premium" that has allowed SharpLink's market capitalization to swell rapidly.
SharpLink also plans to stake these ETH tokens, lock them in the Ethereum network, and also earn an annualized yield of 3%-5%.
The third step is revolving refinancing. By re-issuing shares at a higher share price, SharpLink could theoretically raise more money, buy more ETH, and the cycle repeats, snowballing valuations.
Behind this "capital magic", there is a shadow of a bubble.
SharpLink's core business – gaming marketing – is virtually unattended, and the $425 million ETH investment plan is completely out of touch with its fundamentals. Its share price has skyrocketed, driven more by speculative money and crypto narratives.
The truth is that the capital of the currency circle can also use the shells of some small and medium-sized listed companies to quickly blow up the valuation bubble through the model of "backdoor + currency buying".
The drunkard's intention is not to drink, it is naturally good that the business of the listed company itself is related, and it is not important if it is not related.
Imitation is not a one-size-fits-all approach
The crypto buying strategy seems to be the "wealth code" of U.S. listed companies, but it is not a panacea.
The road of imitation was crowded with latecomers.
On May 28, GameStop, the gaming retail giant once known for its retail huddle against Wall Street, announced a $512.6 million purchase of 4,710 bitcoins in an attempt to replicate MicroStrategy's success. But the market reaction was lukewarm: GameStop shares fell 10.9% after the announcement, and investors didn't buy it.
On May 15, Addentax Group Corp (ticker symbol ATXG, Chinese known as Yingxi Group), a Chinese textile and apparel company, announced plans to purchase 8,000 bitcoins and Trump's $TRUMP coins through the issuance of common shares. Even at the current Bitcoin price of $108,000, the purchase would cost more than $800 million.
But by comparison, the company's total market capitalization is only about $4.5 million, which means that its theoretical cost of acquiring coins is more than 100 times the company's market capitalization.
Almost at the same time, another Chinese U.S.-listed company, Jiuzi Holdings (stock code JZXN, Chinese name Jiuzi Holdings), also joined the buying frenzy.
The company announced plans to buy 1,000 bitcoins over the next year at a cost of more than $100 million.
According to public information, Jiuzi Holdings is a Chinese company focusing on the retail of new energy vehicles, which was established in 2019. The Company's retail stores are mainly located in third- and fourth-tier cities in China.
The total market capitalization of this company's stock on the NASDAQ is only about $50 million.
The stock price is indeed rising, but the match between the company's market capitalization and the cost of buying the currency is key.
For many latecomers, if the price of bitcoin falls, if it does buy, then its balance sheet will be under great pressure.
The crypto buying strategy is not a universal wealth password. Overleveraged coin buying stakes that lack fundamental support may just be an adventure to the bursting of the bubble.
Another out of the circle
Despite the risks, there is still the potential for a buying spree to become the new normal.
In 2025, global inflationary pressures and expectations of a weaker dollar will continue, and more and more companies will begin to view Bitcoin and Ethereum as "inflation-resistant assets". Japan's Metaplanet has increased its market capitalization through the Bitcoin Treasury Strategy, and more U.S.-listed companies are moving faster and faster to follow suit.
Under the general trend, cryptocurrencies are increasingly making their way in the global political and economic sphere.
Is this a kind of "out of the circle" that people in the currency circle often talk about?
Looking at the current trends, there are two main paths for cryptocurrencies to go mainstream: the rise of stablecoins and the crypto reserves on the company's balance sheet.
On the surface, stablecoins provide a stable medium for payments, savings, and remittances in the crypto market, reducing volatility and driving the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies. But its essence is an extension of the hegemony of the dollar.
Taking USDC as an example, its issuer Circle has a close relationship with the U.S. government and holds a large number of U.S. bonds as reserve assets, which not only strengthens the dollar's status as a global reserve currency, but also further penetrates the influence of the U.S. financial system into the global crypto market through the circulation of stablecoins.
Another way out of the circle is to buy coins by listed companies mentioned above.
Crypto buying companies use crypto narratives to attract speculative funds and push up stock prices, but except for a few leading companies, it is still a mystery how much the fundamentals of the main business can be improved by later imitators, in addition to expanding market valuations.
Whether it's stablecoins or crypto assets on the balance sheets of listed companies, crypto assets look more like a tool to perpetuate or strengthen the previous financial landscape.
Whether it's leek or financial innovation, it's more like looking at two sides of the same coin, depending on which end of the table you sit on.
Show original


76.88K
1
TRUMP calculator


OFFICIAL TRUMP price performance in USD
The current price of OFFICIAL TRUMP is $11.2710. Over the last 24 hours, OFFICIAL TRUMP has decreased by -0.42%. It currently has a circulating supply of 199,999,976 TRUMP and a maximum supply of 1,000,000,000 TRUMP, giving it a fully diluted market cap of $2.25B. At present, the OFFICIAL TRUMP coin holds the 0 position in market cap rankings. The OFFICIAL TRUMP/USD price is updated in real-time.
Today
-$0.04800
-0.43%
7 days
-$1.2910
-10.28%
30 days
-$1.7390
-13.37%
3 months
-$1.5550
-12.13%
Popular OFFICIAL TRUMP conversions
Last updated: 06/02/2025, 04:25
1 TRUMP to USD | $11.2720 |
1 TRUMP to EUR | €9.9333 |
1 TRUMP to PHP | ₱628.64 |
1 TRUMP to IDR | Rp 184,514.7 |
1 TRUMP to GBP | £8.3743 |
1 TRUMP to CAD | $15.4883 |
1 TRUMP to AED | AED 41.3964 |
1 TRUMP to VND | ₫293,312.5 |
About OFFICIAL TRUMP (TRUMP)
- Official website
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About third-party websites
About third-party websites
By using the third-party website ("TPW"), you accept that any use of the TPW will be subject to and governed by the terms of the TPW. Unless expressly stated in writing, OKX and its affiliates ("OKX") are not in any way associated with the owner or operator of the TPW. You agree that OKX is not responsible or liable for any loss, damage and any other consequences arising from your use of the TPW. Please be aware that using a TPW may result in a loss or diminution of your assets.
OFFICIAL TRUMP FAQ
How much is 1 OFFICIAL TRUMP worth today?
Currently, one OFFICIAL TRUMP is worth $11.2710. For answers and insight into OFFICIAL TRUMP's price action, you're in the right place. Explore the latest OFFICIAL TRUMP charts and trade responsibly with OKX.
What is cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrencies, such as OFFICIAL TRUMP, are digital assets that operate on a public ledger called blockchains. Learn more about coins and tokens offered on OKX and their different attributes, which includes live prices and real-time charts.
When was cryptocurrency invented?
Thanks to the 2008 financial crisis, interest in decentralized finance boomed. Bitcoin offered a novel solution by being a secure digital asset on a decentralized network. Since then, many other tokens such as OFFICIAL TRUMP have been created as well.
Will the price of OFFICIAL TRUMP go up today?
Check out our OFFICIAL TRUMP price prediction page to forecast future prices and determine your price targets.
Monitor crypto prices on an exchange
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ESG Disclosure
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
Asset details
Name
OKcoin Europe LTD
Relevant legal entity identifier
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Name of the crypto-asset
OFFICIAL TRUMP
Consensus Mechanism
Solana uses a unique combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve high throughput, low latency, and robust security. Here’s a detailed explanation of how these mechanisms work: Core Concepts 1. Proof of History (PoH): Time-Stamped Transactions: PoH is a cryptographic technique that timestamps transactions, creating a historical record that proves that an event has occurred at a specific moment in time. Verifiable Delay Function: PoH uses a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) to generate a unique hash that includes the transaction and the time it was processed. This sequence of hashes provides a verifiable order of events, enabling the network to efficiently agree on the sequence of transactions. 2. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validator Selection: Validators are chosen to produce new blocks based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. The more tokens staked, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, earning rewards proportional to their stake while enhancing the network's security. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Validation: Transactions are broadcast to the network and collected by validators. Each transaction is validated to ensure it meets the network’s criteria, such as having correct signatures and sufficient funds. 2. PoH Sequence Generation: A validator generates a sequence of hashes using PoH, each containing a timestamp and the previous hash. This process creates a historical record of transactions, establishing a cryptographic clock for the network. 3. Block Production: The network uses PoS to select a leader validator based on their stake. The leader is responsible for bundling the validated transactions into a block. The leader validator uses the PoH sequence to order transactions within the block, ensuring that all transactions are processed in the correct order. 4. Consensus and Finalization: Other validators verify the block produced by the leader validator. They check the correctness of the PoH sequence and validate the transactions within the block. Once the block is verified, it is added to the blockchain. Validators sign off on the block, and it is considered finalized. Security and Economic Incentives 1. Incentives for Validators: Block Rewards: Validators earn rewards for producing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed in SOL tokens and are proportional to the validator’s stake and performance. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in the blocks they produce. These fees provide an additional incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently. 2. Security: Staking: Validators must stake SOL tokens to participate in the consensus process. This staking acts as collateral, incentivizing validators to act honestly. If a validator behaves maliciously or fails to perform, they risk losing their staked tokens. Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, enhancing network security and decentralization. Delegators share in the rewards and are incentivized to choose reliable validators. 3. Economic Penalties: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or producing invalid blocks. This penalty, known as slashing, results in the loss of a portion of the staked tokens, discouraging dishonest actions.
Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees
Solana uses a combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to secure its network and validate transactions. Here’s a detailed explanation of the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees: Incentive Mechanisms 4. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators are chosen based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. They earn rewards for producing and validating blocks, which are distributed in SOL. The more tokens staked, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Transaction Fees: Validators earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users for the transactions they include in the blocks. This provides an additional financial incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently and maintain the network's integrity. 5. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their SOL tokens to a validator. In return, delegators share in the rewards earned by the validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network and ensures decentralization. 6. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as producing invalid blocks or being frequently offline. This penalty, known as slashing, involves the loss of a portion of their staked tokens. Slashing deters dishonest actions and ensures that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: By staking SOL tokens, validators and delegators lock up their tokens, which could otherwise be used or sold. This opportunity cost incentivizes participants to act honestly to earn rewards and avoid penalties. Fees Applicable on the Solana Blockchain 7. Transaction Fees: Low and Predictable Fees: Solana is designed to handle a high throughput of transactions, which helps keep fees low and predictable. The average transaction fee on Solana is significantly lower compared to other blockchains like Ethereum. Fee Structure: Fees are paid in SOL and are used to compensate validators for the resources they expend to process transactions. This includes computational power and network bandwidth. 8. Rent Fees: State Storage: Solana charges rent fees for storing data on the blockchain. These fees are designed to discourage inefficient use of state storage and encourage developers to clean up unused state. Rent fees help maintain the efficiency and performance of the network. 9. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Similar to transaction fees, fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Solana are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume.
Beginning of the period to which the disclosure relates
2024-05-31
End of the period to which the disclosure relates
2025-05-31
Energy report
Energy consumption
1508.34129 (kWh/a)
Renewable energy consumption
27.008179797 (%)
Energy intensity
0.00000 (kWh)
Key energy sources and methodologies
To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction.
Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of electricity generated by renewables – Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables
Energy consumption sources and methodologies
The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components:
To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) solana is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
Emissions report
Scope 1 DLT GHG emissions – Controlled
0.00000 (tCO2e/a)
Scope 2 DLT GHG emissions - Purchased
0.51113 (tCO2e/a)
GHG intensity
0.00000 (kgCO2e)
Key GHG sources and methodologies
To determine the GHG Emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction.
Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Carbon intensity of electricity generation – Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity Licenced under CC BY 4.0
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