长期以来,零知识证明技术因其生成过程的高计算开销和缓慢的速度,被认为是 “理论上完美,实践中迟缓” 的技术,难以满足区块链出块时间的严苛要求,阻碍了其在实际场景中的应用。然而在 2025 年,这一局面被彻底扭转,ZK 性能不再是制约其应用的主要障碍。
一个标志性的突破是 Succinct 团队研发的 SP1 Hypercube 证明系统。它成功展示了在一组消费级 GPU 集群上,为超过 93% 的以太坊主网区块在 12 秒的出块时隙(Slot)内生成 ZK 证明的能力,平均证明时间仅为 10.3 秒。至于 Succint SP1 Hypercube 为什么能够取得如此大的技术进步,可以简单理解为主要源于以下两方面改进:
🔹 生成 ZK 证明的过程,需要将区块链交易数据编码进一个数学多项式,这个编码结果帮助形成最终的证明。可以想象成把一大堆杂乱的行李塞进箱子。以前用的多项式叫 Univariate Polynomials,不太匹配区块链数据的结构,就像用圆形箱子塞方形物品,总有空隙或挤压,导致编码准备工作费时费力、效率低下。SP1 Hypercube 则发明了新多项式(Multilinear Polynomials),更贴合交易数据的多维度特性,这相当于设计出矩形箱子,能完美填充行李。从而大幅缩短了数据编码的准备时间,让证明生成从分钟级加速到秒级,实现实时;
🔹 原来证明生成像单人手工打包,整个过程一步接一步,无法拆分。现在 SP1 Hypercube 用新型算法(包括递归聚合和优化协议),允许把大证明拆成多个小证明任务,每个小任务独立处理,然后轻松合并成完整证明。拆分的好处就是能充分利用多核 CPU 或 GPU 并行运算,就像多人同时打包行李,从而整体速度飞升,能够赶上 Ethereum 每 12 秒一个块的节奏,实现实时证明。

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