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KAITO

The consensus mechanism of the Base protocol, an Ethereum Layer 2 solution launched by Coinbase, utilizes Optimistic Rollups for scaling built on the Optimism software development kit (SDK). Key Components: 1. Optimistic Rollups: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed valid by default and are processed off-chain. Instead of proving the validity of every transaction, the system assumes they are correct unless challenged. Fraud Proofs: If there is a suspicion of fraud, a challenge mechanism (fault proof) allows anyone to dispute the validity of a transaction within a specific time frame. If a transaction is found to be fraudulent, it is rolled back, and the dishonest actor is penalized. 2. Sequencer: Transaction Ordering: The sequencer is responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches to be processed off-chain. Block Production: It constructs and executes Layer 2 blocks, which are then submitted to Ethereum (Layer 1) for finality. State Updates: Provides transaction confirmations and state updates, ensuring the network's state remains consistent and accurate. 3. Interaction with Ethereum: On-Chain Contracts: Optimistic Rollups use smart contracts deployed on Ethereum to manage rollup blocks, monitor state updates, and track user deposits. Off-Chain Computation: Most computations and state storage occur off-chain, enhancing scalability and reducing fees. 4. Security and Decentralization: Modular OP Stack: Base is built on the open-source OP Stack from Optimism, which is designed to be highly modular and customizable. Commitment Posting: Periodically, the post-transaction state is committed to Ethereum, ensuring the security and integrity of the Layer 2 transactions. Censorship Resistance: The architecture provides censorship resistance equivalent to Ethereum, as it allows direct submission of transactions to the sequencer.

Base, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses a combination of economic incentives and security mechanisms to ensure the integrity and security of transactions. Base leverages Optimistic Rollups to enhance scalability while maintaining security. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators and Sequencers: Sequencers: In Base, sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches that are processed off-chain. They play a crucial role in maintaining network efficiency and throughput. Validator Rewards: Validators earn rewards for participating in the consensus process. These rewards can include transaction fees and additional protocol incentives. 2. Economic Incentives: Transaction Fees: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users who want their transactions processed. These fees incentivize sequencers to operate honestly and efficiently. Challenge Rewards: Users who successfully challenge invalid transactions by submitting fraud proofs are rewarded. This mechanism encourages the community to actively monitor and ensure the correctness of transactions. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Economic Penalties: Validators or sequencers that act maliciously, such as including invalid transactions, face economic penalties. These penalties can include forfeiture of staked tokens or other forms of economic loss. Fraud Proofs: If a transaction is challenged and found to be invalid, the dishonest party (sequencer) faces penalties, and the state is reverted. This discourages malicious behavior and ensures network integrity. Fees Applicable on the Base Blockchain Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are typically lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By aggregating multiple transactions into a single batch, Base reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee, known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Base are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume.

2024-04-13

2025-04-13

10.48157 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) base is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.